Apparatus for preparing airfelt

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for continuously converting dried cellulosic fibrous sheet material into a dispersion of individual fibers in air and thereafter forming said individual fibers into an airfelt.

United States Patent [191 Buell 1 July 23, 1974 [54] APPARATUS FOR PREPARING AIRFELT 3,637,146 1/1972 Banks 241/194 1 Inventor: Kenneth Buell, Cincinnati, Ohio 3:325:32; 5113?? 115,551,551: ill /1'3 [73] Assignee: The Procter & Gamble Company, OTHER PUBLICATIONS Cmcmnatl O 10 Hammer Mills for Industry, Williams Patent Crusher Flledi p 1971 & Pulverizer Co., Inc. Bulletin 766, 1962. [21] Appl. No.: 182,795

Primary Examiner-Granville Y. Custer, Jr. 'Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richard C. Witte; John V. [52] US. Cl. 241/191, 241/18 Gorman; Richard 0 w [51] Int. Cl. 1302c 13/06 [58] Field of Search 241/18, 186 R, 1892121219914 [57] ABSTRACT Apparatus for continuously-converting dried cellulosic 5 References Cited fibrous sheet material into a dispersion of individual UNITED STATES PATENTS fibers in air and thereafter forming said individual fibers into an airfelt. 3,501,813 3/1970 Lee et al l9/l56.3 3,519,211 7/1970 Sakulich et a1. 241/18 14 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures Pmmwmzm 3.825.194

sum NF 2 INVENTOR. Kenneth B Buell BY Maw ATTORNEY INVENTOR. Kenneth B. Buell BY Mrgw.

ATTORNEY v 1 APPARATUS FOR PREPARING AIRFELT FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the art of disintegrating fibrous sheet material and using the disintegrated material to form an airfelt. More particularly, it relates to apparatus whereby a dried cellulosic fibrous sheet is impacted under predetermined operating conditions to cause progressive disintegration of the sheet into individual fibers and thereafter distributing said fibers onto a formaminous support to produce an airfelt.

' PRIOR ART A similar process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,21 l where a disintegration device of the general type utilized herein is disclosed. This patent also envisions the formation of an airfelt pad. Said patent is incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention differs from the apparatus and process of U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,211, in one aspect, by providing an air control system which keeps individual fibersdistributed in a minimum amount of air to minimize the problem of separating the fibers from the associated air. This inventionalso' comprises an improved design and arrangement of impacting elements and the provision of means to prevent the buildup of fibers in the inlet of the disintegrator. A further aspect of the present invention involves control of the fiber density across the disintegrator discharge outlet so as to pro duce an airfelt which varies in basis weight across its width in a predetermined manner.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus which will disintegrate fibrous sheet material into its component fibers and thereafter, with a minimum time lag, use said fibers to form an airfelt.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION tion of rotation at an angle of from about 15 to' about 40 from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeths tips and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form a relief angle of from about 20 to about 60; and I 2. a casing for said disintegrating element comprising a support element for said'fibrous-material to continuously hold said fibrous material while it is being fed into a position where said disintegrating element can impact the fibrous material to separate said material into its individual fibers, the distance between said disintegrating element and said support element being from about 0.010 to about 0.080, preferably from about 0.025 in. .to about 0.035 in., said casing defining, in-cooperation with i said disintegrating element, a restricted air flow channel to keep the current of air and entrapped individual fibers, which results from rotating said disintegrating element to disintegrate said fibrous material, within a minimal cross-sectional area, said casing having a primary discharge outlet for the air and fiber current, said discharge outlet being tangentially directed with respect to said disintegrating element, said casing having an air inlet immediately adjacent the said primary discharge outlet and between said primary discharge outlet and the point where the fibrous material is impacted, said casing having secondary air inlets in the casing across the width of said primary discharge outlet; and said casing having vacuum air outlets in said support element about 1 inch to about 4 inches from the point where the disintegrating element impacts said fibrous material; and

B. A moving formaminous support element across the opening of said discharge outlet adapted to collect the individual fibers to form an airfelt while permitting the air to escape through said foraminous support ele ment, said foraminous support element being at a distance from the center of said disintegrating element of from about three-fourths to about 2 diameters of said disintegrating element but'no further than about 3 feet.

THE PROCESS In accordance with another aspect, the present invention comprises a process of disintegrating dried cellulosic fibrous sheet material in a process comprising.

' sheet so that impact is substantially normal to the plane of said sheet whereby said fibrous sheet is disintegrated into individual fibers;

E. Mixing said fibers with air in said restricted channel with said impacting elements while maintaining a relatively even fiber density gradient and air flow velocity gradient across the axial width of said channel; and

F. Removing the fiber/air mixture from the disintegrator along a tangent to the direction of motion of said impacting elements at the point of removal to a foraminous support positioned no more than about 3 feet away from said point at which the fiber/air mixture leaves said impacting elements, said air passing through said foraminous support and leaving said fibers on said foraminous support in the form of an airfelt.

BRIEF'DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. I is a vertical cross sectional view of one embodiment of the disintegration and airfelt forming apparatus of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a fragmentary side elevational view of an individual rotor;

FIG. 3 is a fragmentary plan view of a surface development of the periphery of the axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis schematically showing, in flattened form, the tooth tip array;

FIG. 4 is a fragmentary elevational view of the discharge outlet portion of the casing as viewed along line 44 of FIG. 1, showing a series of air inlet ports;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the discharge outlet taken along line 55 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a transverse cross-sectional view of an airfelt product having a transversely varying basis weight;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the discharge outlet taken along the line 7-7 of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the vacuum ports taken along the line 8-8 of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, a preferred embodiment of the apparatus and process will be described with particular reference to the disintegration of a dried cellulosic fibrous sheet. In order to simplify the disclosure, elements which form no part of the present invention and which can be readily supplied by persons of ordinary skill in the art have been omitted. Such elements include, structural members, bearings, power transmission arrangements, and the like.

This invention is particularly useful in disintegrating comminution grade wood pulp in dry lap form of the kind found in commerce. Such dry lap sheets typically have a basis weight, air-dried, of between about 100 and about 200 lbs. per thousand square feet and generally have a caliper of at least about 0.04 in. or greater. A dry lap sheet of this type usually has a moisture content of about 6 percent. However, sheets having lower moisture contents can be used in connection with the present invention and, in fact, those having moisture contents of about 1 percent have been found to produce excellent results. Sheets having moisture contents higher than about 10 percent can be used, but these must be disintegrated at lower rates, or they will be incompletely disintegrated.

As used herein, the term dried cellulosic fibrous sheet describes any type of fibrous sheet material capable of disintegration by the process of this invention. On the other hand, a dry lap sheet will be understood to mean a wood-fiber material of the above-described characteristics to which the invention is preferably applied.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a roll 11 of dry lap material is unrolled into a sheet 12 which is advanced to the disintegrator 13. The sheet 12 is fed radially into the disintegrator 13 by a pair of counter-rotating metering infeed rolls l4 and 15 which are mounted on the infeed side of the disintegrator 13. A motive power source, which may typically be an electric motor, but which preferably is tied to the speed of the subsequent converting lines main drive to provide exact basis weight control. This motive power source is connected to the infeed rolls 14, 15 in a conventional manner (not shown) to provide a driving force.

The disintegrator 13 comprises a casing 16 having a generally cylindrical bore 17. A shaft 18 is journaled in the closed ends of the casing 16 such that one end of shaft 18 extends outside the casing 16 to permit coupling the shaft in a conventional manner to a motive source such as an electric motor. The motor continuously drives the shaft 18 in a counter-clockwise direction, as shown.

The casing 16 comprises an inlet portion 19 which is slotted to provide an inlet opening having an inner end 19a. The inlet opening receives the dry lap sheet 12 and guides it to the inner end 19a which defines a sheet support element or edge portion whereat the dry lap sheet 12 is disintegrated. The inlet opening is essentially the same size as the sheet 12 with a clearance of from about 0.040 to about 0.200 inch, preferably from about 0.80 to about 0.125 inch, larger clearances being desirable along the edges to permit using slightly damaged sheet 12. A relatively large tangential discharge outlet 20 is provided in the casing 16 at a point of from about 5 to about 270 from the inlet portion 19 in the direction of rotation of shaft 18. FIG. 1 of the drawing shows, in solid lines an approximate 180 separation between the inlet portion 19 and the discharge outlet 20 and, in phantom lines, an inlet portion 19' providing an approximate 5 separation to the discharge outlet 20 and an inlet portion 19" providing an approximately 270 separation to the discharge outlet 20. It is to be emphasized that the angle referred to is the angle of separation, i.e., the angle subtended on the surface of the casing between the slot in the inlet portion and the edge of the discharge outlet and not the angle between the axis of the inlet and discharge openings. Preferably, the discharge outlet 20 is sufficiently far from the inlet opening 19 to permit the fibers to be completely disintegrated before discharge. The discharge outlet 20, in cross-section, has a width approximately equal to the length of cylindrical bore 17 and a depth of from about 2 inches to about 4 inches, preferably 3 inches. Air inlet openings 21 are provided near the discharge outlet 20 to permit air to be forced into the casing 16 at a slight positive pressure from a suitable blower (not shown) or the like, for the purpose of preventing the recycling of the fibers through the disintegrator 13 and for other purposes disclosed hereinafter.

Suitably, the air inlet opening 21 can be one or more slots from about one-fourth inch to about 1 inch wide running the entire width of the casing 16 near the tangential discharge outlet 20. Under a pressure of about 2 to about 10 inches of water, the inlet openings can admit air at a velocity of about 6,000 to about 13,000, preferably 8,000 feet per minute.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, additional air inlets 22 are provided for the purpose of adjusting the air flow in the discharge outlet 20. The air inlets 22 are arranged in a straight line across the discharge outlet 20 near the tangential discharge point. In FIG. 4, only a few of the inlets 22 are shown, but it is understood that additional inlets 22 are provided at the indicated points. The inlets 22 are each controlled by valve means (not shown), for example, cap and seat valves such as those used on piccolos and are of a size to deliver air at a velocity of from about 6,000 to about l3,000, preferably 8,000 fpm under 2 to 10 inches of water pressure.

I Rotors 23 are keyed to the shaft 18 in juxtaposed relation, each being provided with a plurality of teeth 24 extending outwardly such that their tips 25 are adapted to serve as impacting elements. As used herein, rotor refers to thin rotor discs having widths of from about 0.030 to about 0.125 inch. A small clearance of from about 0.023 in. to about 0.035 in. is preferably provided between the tips 25 and the inner end 19a of the inlet opening in the inlet portion 19 which forms a sheet support for the sheet 12, as disclosed in the copending application of George Morgan entitled DIS- INTEGRATION PROCESS FOR FIBROUS SHEET MATERIAL," now US. Pat. No. 3,750,962 and incorporated herein by reference. Larger and smaller clearances of from about 0.010 to about 0.080 in. can be used, depending upon the operating rates, provision of cooling means, etc.

With the above arrangement of the parts of the apparatus, successive teeth tips 25 impact the end of the infeeding sheet 12 as the rotors 23 are turned. The rotors 23 when keyed in place and bolted together form an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element 26 rotatable about its cylindrical axis. This configuration is preferred since it permits the favorable internal distribution of stresses set up during operation of the'disintegrator. The discharge outlet 20 is generally tangentially positioned with respect to said disintegrating element 26.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an individual rotor 23 is shown. Each rotor 23 desirably bears from about six to about 18 teeth 24, preferably about eight teeth 24, equally spaced about its periphery with theirtips 25 located at like distances from the rotor 23 axis. The impact face 26 of each tooth 24 is formed at the angle a with the radius of the rotor 23 which passesthrough the tooth tip 25. The top 28 of the tooth 24 is formed ata relief angle B, i.e., the angle defined by the top 28 of the tooth 24 and a tangent to the rotor 23 passing through the tooth tip 25. The angle a can vary from about to about 40 and the angle [3 varies from about to about 60. Angle a is the more critical of the two angles. Both larger and smaller angles for angle a give poorer total fiberization, the larger limit being most critical. Angle B is important because if the top of the tooth 28 is tangential to the rotor 23, or isinclined outward, a splinter-like mass of glassined cellulose will be formed along the top of the tooth 28 during operation which will then break off and be discharged along with the individual fibers out the discharge outlet 20. The individual rotors 23 are relatively thin, typically being from about 0.030 to about 0.125 in. in width. Accordingly, it is desirable to have blunt projections 29 which will help suppot the teeth 24 of adjacent rotors 23 when, as is preferred, the rotors 23 are bolted together to form said disintegrating element 26. For the purpose of bolting the rotors 23 together, a series of holes 30 is provided in each rotor 23.

As shown in FIG. 2, in one successful rotor design wherein eight teeth 24 are formed in equally spaced relationship about the periphery of an approximately the holes which take the bolts are seventeen thirtyseconds inches in diameter bored on an approximately 4.7525 diameter. Also, the length of the impact face 27 of each tooth 24 is longer than the top 28 thereof. In

- fact, the impact face 27, as is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2,

is at least twice as long as top 28.

Referring now to FIG. 3, which is a fragmentary plan view of a surface development of the periphery of disintegrating element 26, showing in flattened form the locations of tooth tips of the rotors 23, as they are preferably connected. It can be seen that the tooth tips 25 are arranged in a staggered pattern so that individ- V ual tips 25 are not close together. If the tooth tips 25 1W2 inch diameter blank having a thickness of about 0.065 inch, the dimensions and angles shown are as fol lows: Angle a is 2230; angle ,8 is 29"; the teeth tops 28 are about 0.38 wide in the plane of rotation; and the tip 25 is rounded to a 0.030 radius; the radius to the tip of the small support projections is about 5.38 inches and to the tip 25 of teeth 24 is about 5.75 inches; and

on all the rotors 23 were aligned so as to make solid lines of tooth tips 25, or if one or more of the tips 25 were too close together, disintegration quality would be poor. The tendency in such an aligned arrangement is to tear the fibrous sheet material into chunks rather than individual fibers. Also, the noise of the disintegrating element 26 when it is rotating would resemble a fire siren if the teeth were aligned.

If said disintegrating element 26 had the tips 25 in a completely random array, this would be ideal since it is desired to create a design which will not cause lateral fiber migration or consistent noise and vibration reinforcement. However, using individual rotors 23 with the same number of teeth, in a balanced configuration, a completely random configuration is not feasible. Applicant has found that a reasonable approximation of random distribution can be achieved by arranging the teeth tips 25 in 'a multiple helical pattern in which there are a plurality of patterns of teeth 24 on a plurality of portions of the circumference of said disintegrating element, each portion covering the entire width of said disintegrating element and each portion being paired with a corresponding adjacent portion which is substantially a mirror image of the first portion, each portion covering from about 30 to about 45 of the circumference of the disintegrating element, the helical patterns having helical angles of from about 10 to about 35, and each tooth 24 being arranged so that the nearest teeth 24in all directions are at approximately equal distances. Preferably, the mirror image portion is offset slightly from what would be the exact mirror image position.

One such arrangement of teeth 24 is shown in FIG. 3 where the pattern of the teeth tips 25 is shown. Rows 1-5 comprise a Set X (i.e., a first portion bearing a helical pattern) in which succeeding rows of tips 25 are offset at a helical angle of from about 10 to about 35 from the preceding teeth tips 25, i.e.,-angle y varies from about 10 to about 35. Rows 6-10 comprise Set Y (i.e., a-second adjacent portion bearing a helical pattern which is an approximate mirror image of the pattern in the first portion, offset slightly). It will be noted that row 6 is offset slightly from the position that it would have had had it been a continuation of Set X. Row 6, then, is the start of Set Y in which the helical angle of offset 7' for each succeeding row 7-10 is the same as the helical angle of offset 7/ for Set X but opposite in direction. Then a new row 1 starts a new Set X which is identical to said first Set X but displaced around the periphery of said disintegrating element 26 by ten rows of teeth tips 25. Sets of rows of different sizes from two to about ten rows can be used with essentially equivalent results in that lateral fiber density migration is minimized. The size of the sets is a function v of the number of teeth 24 on each rotor 23 and the number of rotors 23 in the disintegrating element 26. For example, where 264 rotors 23 having eight teeth 24 per rotor are used, it has been found satisfactory to arrange the tips 25 in 16 sets of five rows each, using a helical angle 'y of about 23. In such a case, each row would comprise aligned teeth 24 on every eleventh rotor 23. It will be recognized that once a single tooth 24 on a rotor 23 has been positioned, all of the other teeth 24 on the same rotor 23 will be automatically positioned.

Some such arrangement of the teeth tips 25 is required to prevent the pattern of the teeth tips 25 from causing lateral migration of the fibers and to minimize noise and vibration reinforcement. The disclosed design keeps a relatively constant distribution of fibers across the air flow channel 31 defined by the casing 16 and said disintegrating element 26.

The air flow channel 31 is defined by the disintegrating element 26 and the casing 16 which is sized to give from about one thirty-second to about one-fourth inch clearance, preferably about three thirty-seconds inch clearance between blade tips 25 and the casing 16.

Avoidance of preferential lateral migration of fibers to one side or the other and the maintenance of a relatively even air velocity profile across the width of the air flow channel 31 by the methods described hereinafter are essential if one is to obtain an airfelt having a laterally constant basis weight when the disintegrator 13 is closely coupled as defined hereinafter.

The air inlet 21 can be a single slot inch wide across the width of the casing 16 (typically about 16 inches) which under a pressure of about 2-10 inches of water will deliver about 6,000 to about 13,000, preferably 8,000 feet per minute air velocity. This is the only air introduced deliberately to the disintegrator 13.

It should be noted that part of the velocity imparted to the fibers discharged through the discharge outlet 20 is obtained directly from the teeth 24; and accordingly, it is unnecessary to add large quantities of air to maintain the velocity of the individual fibers through the discharge outlet 20 when the disintegrator 13 is closely coupled as defined hereinafter.

Referring now to FIG. 4, one can see a row of air inlets 22 having a cross-sectional area of about 1 square inch are desirably provided across the discharge outlet 20 of the casing 16. When the air flow through each of the individual air inlets 22 is adjusted to provide an air velocity of from about 6,000 to about 13,000 fpm, preferably 8,000 fpm air velocity, by means of a piccolo valve, it is possible to control the direction of the high velocity fiber/air mixture flowing through the discharge outlet 20 and thereby vary the fiber density across the axial width of the discharge outlet 20. The inlets may be slanted down or up, or be perpendicular to the air flow, but are preferably slanted down about 30 from the horizontal. These air inlets 22 provide fine tuning for adjusting the fiber deposition rate across the width of the outlet 20. When the disintegrator 13 is close coupled as defined hereinafter, this permits the formation of a very even density airfelt. It is contemplated that even rather extreme modifications of the air velocity profile can be accomplished by using these air inlets 22.

Although the discharge outlet 20 can comprise a smooth rectangular chute in order to produce an airfelt having a laterally constant basis weight, a preferred variation of this invention being shown in FIGS. 1 and 5 for the purpose of forming an airfelt having a predetermined variation in basis weights across its width. Within the outlet 20 are disposed a central diverting vane 32 and two side diverting vanes, 33 and 34. These vanes 32, 33 and 34 vary the fiber density across the cross-section of the discharge outlet 20 by diverting extra fiber into the other portions of the discharge outlet 20 to increase the fiber density in these portions. The primary fiber diverting surfaces 35, 36, 37 and 38 and the other surfaces of the vanes 32, 33 and 34 on which fibers can impinge are all slanted a maximum of about 45, preferably no more than about 25, from the line of air flow so as to divert the fibers into the approximate centers of the adjacent open areas of the discharge outlet 20, without buildup of fibers on those surfaces. The vanes 32, 33 and 34 can be solid, hollow, or simply one or more thin plates slanted so as to divert fibers to one side or the other of the vanes 32, 33 and 34.

The fiber impinging edges should either be rounded or slanted a maximum of about 45 from the line of air flow to avoid fiber buildup. The length and width of the vanes can be sized as required to produce a desired cross-sectional variation'of basis weight in the airfelt product. FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of the product of the arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 5.

Referring now to FIG. 7, another preferred variation of this invention shows a second pyrimidal vane 39 disposed against the wall of the casing 16 to redivert fibers which may migrate back into the space in the discharge outlet 20 directly below the first central diverting vane 32.

By a combination of vanes such as 32, 33, 34, and 39, and by modulating the air input through the air inlets 22, it is possible to provide airfelts having very precise basis weights and variations in basis weights across the width of the airfelt.

The airfelt is eventually formed on the moving support element 40 with the air passing through the moving support 40 leaving the airfelt 41. Support element 40 can comprise a 22 X 24 mesh wire screen which is about 40 percent open with a paper tissue running on top, the tissue having a basis weight of about 12 pounds per 3,000 square feet.

It is a special advantage of the disintegrator of this invention that due to the tangential discharge outlet 20 and the relatively low volume of air flow required, the disintegrator 13 can be close-coupled to the support element 40, i.e, the distance from the center of said disintegrating element 26 to the supprt element 40 is from about three-fourths of said disintegrating elements 26 diameter to about 2 diameters, but with an absolute distance of no more than about 3 feet. Greater distances are less desirable since the residence time in the system becomes too great and the velocity of the fibers drops to an undesirable level. This close-coupling arrangement makes it possible to lay an even airfelt with very little air in the fiber/air mixture, thus minimizing the problem of passing the air through the support element 40. Another advantage of close-coupling is the ability to start and stop the associated converting line without changing the basis weight of the airfelt because of the minimal amount of fiber held up in the system at any time. Typically, fiber/air ratios (by weight) of from bout 0.02 to about 0.50, preferably from about 0.10 to about 0.40, are used.

Referring now to FIG. 8, it is preferred to provide certain vacuum air discharge outlets 42, each having a cross-sectional area of about one-half square inch in the casing 16 communicating with inlet opening 19. These communicate with a source of a vacuum of from about 10 to about 40 inches of water to induce an air flow out through the outlets 42 and thereby remove whatever fibers migrate from the airflow passage 31 into the inlet opening 19. Along the lateral edges of the inlet opening 19 the air outlet holes 42 are slightly larger, closer together, and closer to the tip support edge 19a, e.g., approximately an inch away, and in the middle of the inlet opening 19 the air outlet holes 42 are approximately 2 to 4 inches away from the edge of the support element 190. Although holes 42 are shown only in the top portion of the casing 16 defining inlet opening 19, it is desirable, and preferable, to provide similar holes 42 in the bottom portion of the casing 16 defining inlet opening 19. The holes 42 should not be too close to the airflow passage 31 or the flow of air into the outlet holes 42 may draw in fibers, but the air outlet holes 42 should be sufficiently close to the edge of the support element 19a so that any fibers which naturally migrate into the inlet opening 19 will be removed. Otherwise, inlet opening 19 can become stopped and clogged with fibers preventing the sheet 12 from feeding into the disintegrator. If desired, the fibers which are removed through the outlet openings 42 can be conveyed to the support element 40 to help form the airfelt.

More specifically, using the apparatus described hereinbefore, the process of this invention comprises disintegrating dried cellulosic fibrous sheet material in a process comprising the steps of:

A. Feeding the fibrous sheet 12 into the disintegrator B. Rotating the cylindrical disintegrating element 26 at a speed sufficient to move the tips 25 of the teeth 24 of the disintegrating element at a velocity of from about 6,000 feet/minute to about 30,000 feet/minute, preferably about 15,500 feet/minute, whereby the tips 25 of the teeth 24 impact against the end of the fibrous sheet 12 to disintegrate the fibrous sheet 12 into individual fibers; 1

C. Adjusting the amount of air flowing through the air inlets 21 to minimize recycling of the fibers;

D. Adjusting the amount of air flowing through secondary air inlets 22 so as to achieve the desired fiber/air profile across the width of the discharge outlet 20;

E. Adjusting the air flow through vacuum air discharge outlets 42 to remove fibrous material which migrates into the space defined by the support element 19a and the sheet 12; and

F. Directing the fiber/air mixture from the disintegrator 13 through the discharge outlet 20 and a movfibers are then mixed with the air which is inserted through the air inlet 21 at the rate of about 8,000 fpm. The air, which is inserted through the air inlet 21 prevents the rotation of the disintegrating element 26 from drawing air from the rest of the cavity within the disintegrator 13, i.e., it prevents recycling.

When the air in air flow channel 31 is mixed with the individual fibers at the point of impact of the tips 25 with the sheet 12, the resulting fiber/air mixture flowing through the channel 31 has a relatively even velocity distribution and consequently an even fiber density profile across the width of the channel 31. It is at this point that disintegration to individual fibers is coming foraminous support 40, leaving the fibers on the foraminous support 40 in the form of an airfelt 41.

pleted by the action of the teeth 24, the shearing and abrasion effects resulting from the interaction between the blades and the casing, and the turbulence in the restricted channel 31. If such a restricted passageway is not provided, or if the channel 31 is too short, then disintegration is incomplete. This even velocity profile and fiber density profile is maintained since the pattern of the teeth 24 on the surface of the disintegrating element 26 does not preferentially divert fibers to either side of the air flow channel 31. Since the distance from the disintegrating element 26 to the support element 40 is very short and in a straight line, this fiber density profile does not have a chance to redistribute and accordingly, it is possible to lay a very even basis weight airfelt on the support element 40. If required, variations in the air flow velocity profile and fiber density profile can be made by adjusting the input of air through the individual air inlets 22.

It is also possible to modify the basis weight distribution of the airfelt by means of the vanes 32, 33 and 34, and secondary diverters like diverter 39. It should be noted that these vanes 32, 33 and 34 have slanted edges and diverting surfaces 35, 36, 37 and 38 to divert the fibers rather than to simply stop the fibers. This avoids buildup of fibers on the surfaces 35, 36, 37 and 38. Similarly, the diverter 39 has slanting edges and surfaces to avoid fiber buildup. The diversion of the fibers builds up the other areas which are not underneath the vanes 32, 33 and 34 at the same time that the fibers are being prevented from depositing on the area underneath the vanes 32, 33 and 34. Thus, the effect of the vanes 32, 33 and 34 on the difference between basis weights of these adjacent areas is greater than the effect of the vanes 32, 33 and 34 on the basis weight of the area directly under the vanes 32, 33 and 34.

'Another preferred embodiment of the invention involves the process of keeping the inlet opening 19 free of disintegrated fibers. This is done by pulling a vacuum of from about 10 to about 40 inches of water on the holes 42, the vacuum being of sufficient strength to remove those fibers migrating into the inlet 19, but preferably not sufficient to pull large amounts of additional fibers into said slotted inlet 19. It is desirable that the holes 42 in the middle of the slot inlet 19 be from about 2. to about 3 inches from the support element 19a. However, the holes 42 along the sides of the slot inlet 19 can be closer to the support element 19a, i.e., about an inch. Placing the holes 42 so close to the support element 19a along the sides of the slot inlet 19 may cause some fibers to migrate from the air flow channel 31 into the slot of the inlet portion 19; however, the need to remove fibers from the sides of the slot of the inlet portion 19 is sufficiently great to justify drawing additional fibers in. Failure to removethe fibers from the slot of the inlet portion 19 results in a buildup of fibers which eventually will jam the slot of the inlet portion 19.

What is claimed is:

l. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly disposed on said disintegrating elements periphery with the impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about 15 to about 40 from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeths tips and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form a relief angle of from about 20 to about 60.

2. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth which are disposed by arranging the teeth tips in a multiple helical pattern in which there are a plurality of patterns of teeth on a plurality of portions of the circumference of said disintegrating element, each portion covering the entire width of the disintegrating element and each portion being paired with a corresponding adjacent portion which is substantially a mirror image of the first portion, each portion covering from about 3 to about 45 of the circumference of the disintegrating element, the helical patterns having helical angles of from about to about 35, and each tooth being arranged so that the nearest teeth in all directions are at approximately equal distance.

3. The disintegrator of claim 2 wherein the portion of the circumference which is the mirror image is offset slightly from what would be the exact mirror image position.

4. The disintegrator of claim 2 wherein the disintegrating element is formed from a plurality of rotors having widths of from about 0.030 to about 0.125 inch and each rotor hearing from about six to about 18 teeth.

5. The disintegrator of claim 4 wherein the impacting faces of said teeth are inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about to about 40 from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth tips and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form a relief angle of from about 20 to about 60.

6. The disintegrator of claim 2 additionally comprising a casing for said disintegrating element, said casing comprising a support element for said fibrous material to continuously hold said fibrous material while it is being fed into a position where said disintegrating element can impact the fibrous material to separate said material into its individual fibers, the distance between said disintegrating element and said suport element being from about 0.010 to about 0.080, and said casing defining, in cooperation with said disintegrating element, a restricted air flow channel to keep the current of air and the entrapped individual fibers, which results from rotating said disintegrating element to disintegrate said fibrous material, within a minimal crosssectional area; the distance between the teeth tips and the casing being from about one thirty-second to about one-fourth inch.

7. The disintegrator of claim 6 wherein the distance from the disintegrating element to said support element is from about 0.023 to about 0.035 inch.

8. The disintegrator of claim 6 wherein said casing additionally comprises vacuum air outlets in said support element about 1 inch to about 4 inches from the point where the disintegrating element impacts said fibrous material.

9. In combination, in a hammer mill having an inlet, an outlet and a blade carrying rotor interposed between the inlet and outlet, blades on said rotor serving as hammers and which sweep across said inlet in their rotation to fiberize pulp introduced at the inlet and direct it to the outlet, each of said blades having a front face for engaging said pulp and which face is rectilinearly bevelled at an angle of between 15 and about 40 from the periphery of the blade and narrows in width towards the blade periphery to urge pulp in a sliding action toward the periphery.

10. The combination according to claim 9 in which the bevel angle is between about 25 and 35.

11. The combination according to claim 9 in which the bevel angle is about 30.

12. The combination according to claim 9 in which the front face of the blade in the bevel area is at least as long as the peripheral face of the blade.

13. The combination according to claim 12 in which the front face of the blade in the bevel area is twice that of the peripheral face.

14. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly disposed on said disintegrating elements periphery with the impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about 15 to about 40 from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeths tips. 

1. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly disposed on said disintegrating element''s periphery with the impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about 15* to about 40* from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth''s tips and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form a relief angle of from about 20* to about 60*.
 2. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth which are disposed by arranging the teeth tips in a multiple helical pattern in which there are a plurality of patterns of teeth on a plurality of portions of the circumference of said disintegrating element, each portion covering the entire width of the disintegrating element and each portion being paired with a corresponding adjacent portion which is substantially a mirror image of the first portion, each portion covering from about 3* to about 45* of the circumference of the disintegrating element, the helical patterns having helical angles of from about 10* to about 35*, and each tooth being arranged so that the nearest teeth in all directions are at approximately equal distance.
 3. The disintegrator of claim 2 wherein the portion of the circumference which is the mirror image is offset slightly from what would be the exact mirror image position.
 4. The disintegrator of claim 2 wherein the disintegrating element is formed from a plurality of rotors having widths of from about 0.030 to about 0.125 inch and each rotor bearing from about six to about 18 teeth.
 5. The disintegrator of claim 4 wherein the impacting faces of said teeth are inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about 15* to about 40* from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth tips and the top surfaces of said teeth being inclined inwardly to form a relief angle of from about 20* to about 60*.
 6. The disintegrator of claim 2 additionally comprising a casing for said disintegrating element, said casing comprising a support element for said fibrous material to continuously hold said fibrous material while it is being fed into a position where said disintegrating element can impact the fibrous material to separate said material into its individual fibers, the distance between said disintegrating element and said suport element being from about 0.010 to about 0.080, and said casing defining, in cooperation with said disintegrating element, a restricted air flow channel to keep the current of air and the entrapped individual fibers, which results from rotating said disintegrating element to disintegrate said fibrous material, within a minimal cross-sectional area; the distance between the teeth tips and the casing being from about one thirty-second to about one-fourth inch.
 7. The disintegrator of claim 6 wherein the distance from the disintegrating element to said support element is from about 0.023 to about 0.035 inch.
 8. The disintegrator of claim 6 wherein said casing additionally comprises vacuum air outlets in said support element about 1 inch to about 4 inches from the point where the disintegrating element impacts said fibrous material.
 9. In combination, in a hammer mill having an inlet, an outlet and a blade carrying rotor interposed between the inlet and outlet, blades on said rotor serving as hammers and which sweep across said inlet in their rotation to fiberize pulp introduced at the inlet and direct it to the outlet, each of said blades having a front face for engaging said pulp and which face is rectilinearly bevelled at an angle of between 15* and about 40* from the periphery of the blade and narrows in width towards the blade periphery to urge pulp in a sliding action toward the periphery.
 10. The combination according to claim 9 in which the bevel angle is between about 25* and 35*.
 11. The combination according to claim 9 in which the bevel angle is about 30*.
 12. The combination according to claim 9 in which the front face of the blade in the bevel area is at least as long as the peripheral face of the blade.
 13. The combination according to claim 12 in which the front face of the blade in the bevel area is twice that of the peripheral face.
 14. A disintegrator for fibrous material comprising an axial rotary cylindrical disintegrating element rotatable about its cylindrical axis, said element having teeth generally randomly disposed on said disintegrating element''s periphery with the impacting faces of said teeth inclined inwardly in the direction of rotation at an angle of from about 15* to about 40* from the radii drawn through the front edges of the teeth''s tips. 